Examples of Industry 4.0 Applications in the Evaluation of Composite Materials

Examples of Industry 4.0 Applications in the Assessment of Composite Materials in Critical Fields

Fiber composites have been in use since the 1960s. The application of this technology is quite broad. Many older reinforced concrete structures show steel reinforcement corrosion. Generally, it is more cost-effective to strengthen these buildings rather than demolish and rebuild them. The same applies to structures whose intended use has changed and which are exposed to higher loads. From 1975 to the present day, the use of composites, particularly in the external body of buses, has been documented. The composites used here are fiber-reinforced materials with polyester binders. In general, a reduction in the weight of a commercial vehicle resulting from composite use is approximately 10%, and this provides an advantage of 5-10% in fuel consumption. The degree of fiber reinforcement depends on the absence of surface voids. Thus, a state closer to theoretical conditions can be achieved. Depending on the fiber diameter and the nature of the adhesion force with the matrix, it must be shorter than a certain critical length. In these composites, the second phase embedded in the metal matrix can be in the form of continuous fiber or in the form of finely dispersed small particles. The most important factor limiting the widespread use of laminated composite materials is the complex damage mechanism. Such damage frequently occurs interactively and affects the material's resistance to loads. The impact on a classified layered composite material can be classified into three types. Low-energy impact, high-energy impact, and the highest-energy impact relative to others. Particularly for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), satellites and spacecraft, signal processing/computing circuits and devices, high temperature (600°C and above), the impact and radiation environment that will ensure safe operation while reducing the volume and weight of composite materials—these potential applications are summarized with examples through various simulation studies in this work. The purpose of the example shown in Figure 1.1 is to outline the steps required to view cross-sectional results such as deformation and stress.

1.2. Preprocessing Steps

• Block creation (dimensions), • Element type definition (2D-3D), • Element material properties definition (for example, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), • Mesh size definition (e.g., 20 mm element size), • Volume meshing.

1.3. Solution

• Analysis type definition (for example, static), • Applying constraints (for example, on areas), • Applying loads (for example, at key points), • Solving the system.

1.4. Post-Processing: Viewing Results

2.1. Post-Processing: Problem Definition

• Defining key points as (0,0) for key point 1 and (400,0) for key point 2, • Creating a line connecting key points 1 and 2, • Defining real constants for the area as 2400, area moment of inertia as 320e+03, and total beam height as 40, • Defining element material properties as 200000 for Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio as 3.0, • Defining mesh size for 20 mm element edge length.

2.2. Defining Rectangular Areas and Creating Circles

• Defining 2 corners, • A rectangle (0, 0), Width = 200, Height = 100, • Creating a solid circle, • Circle 1: X = 50, Y = 50, Radius = 10, • Circle 2: X = 100, Y = 50, Radius = 10, • Circle 3: X = 150, Y = 50, Radius = 10.

3.2. After Subtracting the Circles

• Defining the element type; translation along the X and Y axes, • Defining real constants, entering 10 as a thickness, • Defining element material properties as linear, elastic, and isotropic, • Composite Young's modulus as 200000 and Poisson's ratio as 3.0, • Defining mesh size as 5 mm element edge, • Meshing all areas, • Applying a load of -2500 N to key point 2.

3.3. Solution Phase: Load Assignment and Solving

• Defining analysis type as static, • Applying constraints as displacement and structurally to lines, • Applying as pressure and structurally to lines, and applying uniform pressure constant of -200 at the top of the area, Cemil Koyunoğlu - Yalova University - Faculty of Engineering Department of Energy Systems Engineering